Remdesivir for COVID-19: real-time analysis of all 33 studies

Home

Database of all remdesivir COVID-19 studies. Submit updates/corrections.

Search:

Restrict: All Late


Oct 1	Late	Mozaffari et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciab875 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓12.0%, p=0.003	Remdesivir treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a comparative analysis of in-hospital all-cause mortality in a large multi-center observational cohort
	Details Retrospective 28,855 remdesivir patients with PSM matched controls, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Oct 1	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Mozaffari et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciab875 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a comparative analysis of in-hospital all-cause mortality in a large multi-center observational cohort
	Retrospective 28,855 remdesivir patients with PSM matched controls, showing lower mortality with treatment. risk of death, 12.0% lower, RR 0.88, p = 0.003, treatment 4,441 of 28,855 (15.4%), control 5,499 of 28,855 (19.1%), adjusted, 28 days, PSM, Cox proportional hazards. risk of death, 24.0% lower, RR 0.76, p < 0.001, treatment 3,057 of 28,855 (10.6%), control 4,437 of 28,855 (15.4%), adjusted, 14 days, PSM, Cox proportional hazards. Mozaffari et al., 10/1/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Sep 14	Late	Ader et al., Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00485-0 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓6.4%, p=0.77	Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial
	Details RCT 857 hospitalized patients, showing no significant differences with remdesivir treatment. DISCOVERY trial. EudraCT2020-000936-23, NCT04315948.
Sep 14	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Ader et al., Lancet Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00485-0 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial
	RCT 857 hospitalized patients, showing no significant differences with remdesivir treatment. DISCOVERY trial. EudraCT2020-000936-23, NCT04315948. risk of death, 6.4% lower, RR 0.94, p = 0.77, treatment 34 of 414 (8.2%), control 37 of 418 (8.9%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, 28 days. risk of 7-point scale, 9.9% lower, RR 0.90, p = 0.39, treatment 414, control 418, 28 days, RR approximated with OR. risk of 7-point scale, 2.0% higher, RR 1.02, p = 0.85, treatment 414, control 418, 15 days, RR approximated with OR. Ader et al., 9/14/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 17 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 19	Late	Diaz et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciab698 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓34.7%, p=0.01	Remdesivir and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19
	Details Retrospective 1138 hospitalized patients in the USA, 286 treated with remdesivir, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Aug 19	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Diaz et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciab698 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19
	Retrospective 1138 hospitalized patients in the USA, 286 treated with remdesivir, showing lower mortality with treatment. risk of death, 34.7% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.01, treatment 33 of 286 (11.5%), control 173 of 852 (20.3%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariable Cox proportional-hazards. Diaz et al., 8/19/2021, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 45 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 16	Late	Eldeen et al., Microbes and Infectious Diseases, doi:10.21608/mid.2021.85877.1177 (Peer Reviewed)		Comparative study between the therapeutic effect of remdesivir versus hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 hospitalized patients
	Details Small study comparing 25 HCQ and 25 remdesivir hospitalized patients, reporting faster viral clearance with remdesivir. The article proof is missing the results for the HCQ group. Confounding by time is likely - remdesivir patients were a..
Aug 16	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Eldeen et al., Microbes and Infectious Diseases, doi:10.21608/mid.2021.85877.1177 (Peer Reviewed)
	Comparative study between the therapeutic effect of remdesivir versus hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 hospitalized patients
	Small study comparing 25 HCQ and 25 remdesivir hospitalized patients, reporting faster viral clearance with remdesivir. The article proof is missing the results for the HCQ group. Confounding by time is likely - remdesivir patients were after HCQ patients in time, and treatment protocols improved over the period of the study. Eldeen et al., 8/16/2021, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 13	Late	Hosseini et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.21261992 (Preprint)		Another step toward final call on Remdesivir efficacy as a treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a multicenter open-label trial
	Details Single arm remdesivir trial with 145 hospitalized patients showing no statistically significant difference between "early" and "late" administration, however the treatment delays may be better described as late and ver..
Aug 13	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Hosseini et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.08.13.21261992 (Preprint)
	Another step toward final call on Remdesivir efficacy as a treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a multicenter open-label trial
	Single arm remdesivir trial with 145 hospitalized patients showing no statistically significant difference between "early" and "late" administration, however the treatment delays may be better described as late and very late. The text of the paper defines early and late as less than or more than 7 days from symptom onset, however the CONSORT diagram says during or after 7 days post admission. Hosseini et al., 8/13/2021, preprint, 15 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 9	Late	Kuno et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkab256 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓0.9%, p=0.96	The association of remdesivir and in-hospital outcomes for COVID-19 patients treated with steroids
	Details PSM retrospective 3,372 hospitalized patients in the USA treated with steroids, showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir, but a lower risk of acute kidney injury.
Aug 9	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Kuno et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkab256 (Peer Reviewed)
	The association of remdesivir and in-hospital outcomes for COVID-19 patients treated with steroids
	PSM retrospective 3,372 hospitalized patients in the USA treated with steroids, showing no significant difference in mortality with remdesivir, but a lower risk of acute kidney injury. risk of death, 0.9% lower, RR 0.99, p = 0.96, treatment 214 of 999 (21.4%), control 216 of 999 (21.6%), PSM. risk of mechanical ventilation, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 140 of 999 (14.0%), control 140 of 999 (14.0%), PSM. risk of ICU admission, 17.1% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.05, treatment 260 of 999 (26.0%), control 222 of 999 (22.2%), PSM. Kuno et al., 8/9/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 5	Meta	Anseems et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014962 (Preprint) (meta analysis)	meta-analysis	Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID‐19
	Details Review of 5 RCTs prior to April 17, 2021 showing mortality RR 0.93 [0.81-1.06] for hospitalized patients.
Aug 5	Details Source PDF Meta Meta
	Anseems et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD014962 (Preprint) (meta analysis)
	Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID‐19
	Review of 5 RCTs prior to April 17, 2021 showing mortality RR 0.93 [0.81-1.06] for hospitalized patients. Anseems et al., 8/5/2021, preprint, 10 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Jul 19	Late	Madan et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.21260600 (Preprint)	death, ↓44.4%, p=0.03	Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 disease: A retrospective comparative study of patients treated with and without Remdesivir
	Details Retrospective 1,262 hospitalized patients, 398 treated with remdesivir, showing unadjusted lower mortality with treatment, and a treatment delay-response relationship.
Jul 19	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Madan et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.07.15.21260600 (Preprint)
	Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 disease: A retrospective comparative study of patients treated with and without Remdesivir
	Retrospective 1,262 hospitalized patients, 398 treated with remdesivir, showing unadjusted lower mortality with treatment, and a treatment delay-response relationship. risk of death, 44.4% lower, RR 0.56, p = 0.03, treatment 23 of 398 (5.8%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted. risk of death, 65.6% lower, RR 0.34, p = 0.04, treatment 4 of 112 (3.6%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted, <5 days from onset. risk of death, 61.7% lower, RR 0.38, p = 0.009, treatment 9 of 226 (4.0%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted, 5-10 days from onset. risk of death, 60.5% higher, RR 1.60, p = 0.18, treatment 10 of 60 (16.7%), control 27 of 260 (10.4%), unadjusted, >10 days from onset. Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis: excessive unadjusted differences between groups. Madan et al., 7/19/2021, retrospective, India, South Asia, preprint, 22 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Jul 15	Late	Ohl et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14741 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑6.0%, p=0.66	Association of Remdesivir Treatment With Survival and Length of Hospital Stay Among US Veterans Hospitalized With COVID-19
	Details Retrospective 5,898 hospitalized patients in the USA, 2,374 receiving remdesivir treatment, showing no significant difference in mortality, and a longer time to hospital discharge with treatment.
Jul 15	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Ohl et al., JAMA Network Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14741 (Peer Reviewed)
	Association of Remdesivir Treatment With Survival and Length of Hospital Stay Among US Veterans Hospitalized With COVID-19
	Retrospective 5,898 hospitalized patients in the USA, 2,374 receiving remdesivir treatment, showing no significant difference in mortality, and a longer time to hospital discharge with treatment. risk of death, 6.0% higher, RR 1.06, p = 0.66, treatment 143 of 1,172 (12.2%), control 124 of 1,172 (10.6%), adjusted, PSM, Cox proportional hazards regression. hospitalization time, 100% higher, relative time 2.00, p < 0.001, treatment 1,172, control 1,172, PSM, Cox proportional hazards regression. Ohl et al., 7/15/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Jul 13	Late	Barrat-Due et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, doi:10.7326/M21-0653 (Peer Reviewed)	death, 0.0%, p=1.00	Evaluation of the Effects of Remdesivir and Hydroxychloroquine on Viral Clearance in COVID-19
	Details Small RCT in Norway with 52 HCQ and 42 remdesivir patients, showing no significant differences with treatment. Add-on trial to WHO Solidarity. NCT04321616.
Jul 13	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Barrat-Due et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, doi:10.7326/M21-0653 (Peer Reviewed)
	Evaluation of the Effects of Remdesivir and Hydroxychloroquine on Viral Clearance in COVID-19
	Small RCT in Norway with 52 HCQ and 42 remdesivir patients, showing no significant differences with treatment. Add-on trial to WHO Solidarity. NCT04321616. risk of death, no change, RR 1.00, p = 1.00, treatment 3 of 37 (8.1%), control 4 of 53 (7.5%), adjusted. Barrat-Due et al., 7/13/2021, Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial, Norway, Europe, peer-reviewed, 41 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Jun 21	Late	Arch et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.21259072 (Preprint)	death, ↓19.9%, p=0.03	Evaluation of the effectiveness of remdesivir in treating severe COVID-19 using data from the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, national cohort study
	Details Prospective PSM analysis of remdesivir use in the UK showing statistically significantly lower mortality at 28 days. For unspecified reasons, the study prioritized short-term outcomes. Mortality at 14 days was also lower but not statistic..
Jun 21	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Arch et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.06.18.21259072 (Preprint)
	Evaluation of the effectiveness of remdesivir in treating severe COVID-19 using data from the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, national cohort study
	Prospective PSM analysis of remdesivir use in the UK showing statistically significantly lower mortality at 28 days. For unspecified reasons, the study prioritized short-term outcomes. Mortality at 14 days was also lower but not statistically significant. Confounding by indication is likely and may only be partially addressed by the variables included in the PSM. risk of death, 19.9% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.03, treatment 203 of 1,491 (13.6%), control 777 of 4,676 (16.6%), OR converted to RR, 28 days, PSM. risk of death, 18.0% lower, RR 0.82, p = 0.12, treatment 140 of 1,502 (9.3%), control 565 of 4,728 (12.0%), OR converted to RR, 28 days, PSM. risk of mechanical ventilation, 68.0% higher, RR 1.68, p = 0.003, treatment 106 of 1,498 (7.1%), control 153 of 4,602 (3.3%), OR converted to RR, 28 days, PSM. Arch et al., 6/21/2021, prospective, propensity score matching, United Kingdom, Europe, preprint, 10 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
May 4	Meta	Liao et al., Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2021.04.026 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis)	meta-analysis	Assessing Efficacy of Antiviral Therapy for COVID-19 Patients: A Case Study on Remdesivir with Bayesian Synthesis Design and Multistate Analysis
	Details Bayesian synthesis design and multistate analysis of remdesivir results showing 31% [18-44%] lower risk of death and 10% [1-18%] higher recovery.
May 4	Details Source PDF Meta Meta
	Liao et al., Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2021.04.026 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis)
	Assessing Efficacy of Antiviral Therapy for COVID-19 Patients: A Case Study on Remdesivir with Bayesian Synthesis Design and Multistate Analysis
	Bayesian synthesis design and multistate analysis of remdesivir results showing 31% [18-44%] lower risk of death and 10% [1-18%] higher recovery. Liao et al., 5/4/2021, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Apr 29	Late	Aghajani et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27053 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓18.6%, p=0.49	Decreased In-Hospital Mortality Associated with Aspirin Administration in Hospitalized Patients Due to Severe COVID-19
	Details Retrospective 991 hospitalized patients in Iran focusing on aspirin use but also showing results for HCQ, remdesivir, and favipiravir.
Apr 29	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Aghajani et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.27053 (Peer Reviewed)
	Decreased In-Hospital Mortality Associated with Aspirin Administration in Hospitalized Patients Due to Severe COVID-19
	Retrospective 991 hospitalized patients in Iran focusing on aspirin use but also showing results for HCQ, remdesivir, and favipiravir. risk of death, 18.6% lower, RR 0.81, p = 0.49, treatment 46, control 945, univariate Cox proportional regression. Aghajani et al., 4/29/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Apr 7	Late	Mulhem et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042042 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑85.7%, p=0.54	3219 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Southeast Michigan: a retrospective case cohort study
	Details Retrospective database analysis of 3,219 hospitalized patients in the USA. Very different results in the time period analysis (Table S2), and results significantly different to other studies for the same medications (e.g., heparin OR 3.06..
Apr 7	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Mulhem et al., BMJ Open, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042042 (Peer Reviewed)
	3219 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in Southeast Michigan: a retrospective case cohort study
	Retrospective database analysis of 3,219 hospitalized patients in the USA. Very different results in the time period analysis (Table S2), and results significantly different to other studies for the same medications (e.g., heparin OR 3.06 [2.44-3.83]) suggest significant confounding by indication and confounding by time. risk of death, 85.7% higher, RR 1.86, p = 0.54, treatment 1 of 8 (12.5%), control 515 of 3,211 (16.0%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, logistic regression. Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis: substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely, substantial time varying confounding likely due to declining usage over the early stages of the pandemic when overall treatment protocols improved dramatically. Mulhem et al., 4/7/2021, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Mar 20	Late	Mahajan et al., Indian Journal of Anasthesia, doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_149_21 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑76.5%, p=0.47	Clinical outcomes of using remdesivir in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: A prospective randomised study
	Details Small RCT with 34 remdesivir patients and 36 controls finding no significant difference in clinical outcomes.
Mar 20	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Mahajan et al., Indian Journal of Anasthesia, doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_149_21 (Peer Reviewed)
	Clinical outcomes of using remdesivir in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: A prospective randomised study
	Small RCT with 34 remdesivir patients and 36 controls finding no significant difference in clinical outcomes. risk of death, 76.5% higher, RR 1.76, p = 0.47, treatment 5 of 34 (14.7%), control 3 of 36 (8.3%). risk of mechanical ventilation, 111.8% higher, RR 2.12, p = 0.42, treatment 4 of 34 (11.8%), control 2 of 36 (5.6%). Mahajan et al., 3/20/2021, Randomized Controlled Trial, India, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Mar 10	Late	Tsuzuki et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.21253183 (Preprint)	death, ↓8.8%, p=1.00	Efficacy of remdesivir in Japanese patients hospitalised with COVID-19: A large observational study using the COVID-19 Registry Japan
	Details Retrospective database analysis of 1907 hospitalized patients in Japan, using PSM to compare 74 remdesivir patients and 195 control patients, not showing significant differences in mortality and ventilation/ECMO, and showing signifcantly ..
Mar 10	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Tsuzuki et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.21253183 (Preprint)
	Efficacy of remdesivir in Japanese patients hospitalised with COVID-19: A large observational study using the COVID-19 Registry Japan
	Retrospective database analysis of 1907 hospitalized patients in Japan, using PSM to compare 74 remdesivir patients and 195 control patients, not showing significant differences in mortality and ventilation/ECMO, and showing signifcantly longer hospital stay with treatment. PSM did not fully match the patients, for example 65% of matched remdesivir patients were over 65, while only 55% of matched control patients were. risk of death, 8.8% lower, RR 0.91, p = 1.00, treatment 9 of 74 (12.2%), control 26 of 195 (13.3%), PSM. risk of mechanical ventilation or ECMO, 17.1% higher, RR 1.17, p = 0.76, treatment 4 of 74 (5.4%), control 9 of 195 (4.6%), PSM. hospitalization time, 27.3% higher, relative time 1.27, p < 0.001, treatment 74, control 195, PSM. Tsuzuki et al., 3/10/2021, retrospective, propensity score matching, Japan, Asia, preprint, 20 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Mar 9	Late	Goldberg et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.029 (Peer Reviewed)	hosp. time, ↓9.2%, p=0.77	A real-life setting evaluation of the effect of remdesivir on viral load in COVID-19 patients admitted to a large tertiary center in Israel
	Details Retrospective 29 remdesivir patients and 113 controls, not finding a significant difference in nasopharyngeal viral load or hospitalization time. Hospitalization time was lower with treatment, with a larger reduction for non-intubated pat..
Mar 9	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Goldberg et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.029 (Peer Reviewed)
	A real-life setting evaluation of the effect of remdesivir on viral load in COVID-19 patients admitted to a large tertiary center in Israel
	Retrospective 29 remdesivir patients and 113 controls, not finding a significant difference in nasopharyngeal viral load or hospitalization time. Hospitalization time was lower with treatment, with a larger reduction for non-intubated patients, although not statistically significant in both cases. hospitalization time, 9.2% lower, relative time 0.91, p = 0.77, treatment 29, control 113. hospitalization time, 21.8% lower, relative time 0.78, p = 0.30, non-intubated patients only. risk of no virological cure, 0.1% lower, RR 1.00, p = 0.98, treatment 29, control 113, relative change in Ct values. Goldberg et al., 3/9/2021, retrospective, Israel, Middle East, peer-reviewed, 7 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Mar 8	Late	Fateh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.21251351 (Preprint)		A single-center retrospective cohort study of Covid-19 medications: Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Interferon β1a and their combinations
	Details Retrospective 324 hospitalized patients in Iran reporting on the use Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Interferon β1a and their combinations. There is no control group in this study, however authors suggest t..
Mar 8	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Fateh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2021.03.05.21251351 (Preprint)
	A single-center retrospective cohort study of Covid-19 medications: Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Interferon β1a and their combinations
	Retrospective 324 hospitalized patients in Iran reporting on the use Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Interferon β1a and their combinations. There is no control group in this study, however authors suggest that Interferon β1a, corticosteroids, and remdesivir may not have a significant effect on mortality of hospitalization time. Fateh et al., 3/8/2021, retrospective, Iran, Middle East, preprint, 7 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Feb 27	Safety	Touafchia et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.013 (Peer Reviewed)	safety analysis	Serious bradycardia and remdesivir for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): a new safety concerns
	Details Comparison of bradycardia in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir compared to those treated with HCQ, lopinavir/ritonavir, tocilizumab or glucocorticoids, finding increased risk of bradycardia with remdesivir.
Feb 27	Details Source PDF Safety Safety
	Touafchia et al., Clinical Microbiology and Infection, doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.013 (Peer Reviewed)
	Serious bradycardia and remdesivir for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): a new safety concerns
	Comparison of bradycardia in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir compared to those treated with HCQ, lopinavir/ritonavir, tocilizumab or glucocorticoids, finding increased risk of bradycardia with remdesivir. Touafchia et al., 2/27/2021, peer-reviewed, 6 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Dec 28 2020	N/A	Shen et al., Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/fcp.12643 (Peer Reviewed)	safety analysis	Remdesivir potently inhibits carboxylesterase‐2 through covalent modifications: signifying strong drug‐drug interactions
	Details Analysis finding that remdesivir at nanomolar concentrations inhibits carboxylesterase‐2 (CES2) through covalent modifications. CES2 is a major drug‐metabolizing enzyme. Authors conclude that caution must be exercised when remdesivir is u..
Dec 28 2020	Details Source PDF N/A N/A
	Shen et al., Fundamentals of Clinical Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/fcp.12643 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir potently inhibits carboxylesterase‐2 through covalent modifications: signifying strong drug‐drug interactions
	Analysis finding that remdesivir at nanomolar concentrations inhibits carboxylesterase‐2 (CES2) through covalent modifications. CES2 is a major drug‐metabolizing enzyme. Authors conclude that caution must be exercised when remdesivir is used along with drugs hydrolyzed by CES2. Shen et al., 12/28/2020, peer-reviewed, 3 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Dec 24 2020	In Vitro	Jeffreys et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424232 (Preprint) (In Vitro)	in vitro	Remdesivir-Ivermectin combination displays synergistic interaction with improved in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2
	Details In Vitro study showing enhanced antiviral activity of ivermectin and remdesivir in combination.
Dec 24 2020	Details Source PDF In Vitro In Vitro
	Jeffreys et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.12.23.424232 (Preprint) (In Vitro)
	Remdesivir-Ivermectin combination displays synergistic interaction with improved in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2
	In Vitro study showing enhanced antiviral activity of ivermectin and remdesivir in combination. Jeffreys et al., 12/24/2020, preprint, 15 authors. In Vitro studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Nov 29 2020	Late	Ullah et al., International Journal of Sciences, doi:10.18483/ijSci.2417 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑100%, p=0.33	Efficacy of Remdesivir in Covid-19 Patients; Multicenter Study in Lahore
	Details Small late stage (hospitalized, <12 days symptoms) remdesivir study showing non-statistically significant higher mortality with treatment. No adjustments were made for differences in the groups. Remdesivir mean age was 49 vs. control 57...
Nov 29 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Ullah et al., International Journal of Sciences, doi:10.18483/ijSci.2417 (Peer Reviewed)
	Efficacy of Remdesivir in Covid-19 Patients; Multicenter Study in Lahore
	Small late stage (hospitalized, <12 days symptoms) remdesivir study showing non-statistically significant higher mortality with treatment. No adjustments were made for differences in the groups. Remdesivir mean age was 49 vs. control 57. Baseline oxygen requirement was 13.4 liters treatment vs. 10.8 control. Potential confounding by indication. risk of death, 100% higher, RR 2.00, p = 0.33, treatment 8 of 30 (26.7%), control 4 of 30 (13.3%). risk of mechanical ventilation, 250.0% higher, RR 3.50, p = 0.15, treatment 7 of 30 (23.3%), control 2 of 30 (6.7%). Ullah et al., 11/29/2020, retrospective, Pakistan, South Asia, peer-reviewed, 8 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Nov 20 2020	Late	Garibaldi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.20234153 (Preprint)	death, ↓20.0%, p=0.44	Effectiveness of remdesivir with and without dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
	Details Retrospective 303 remdesivir patients and 303 matched controls showing significantly faster clinical improvement, and lower (but not statistically significant) mortality.
Nov 20 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Garibaldi et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.11.19.20234153 (Preprint)
	Effectiveness of remdesivir with and without dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
	Retrospective 303 remdesivir patients and 303 matched controls showing significantly faster clinical improvement, and lower (but not statistically significant) mortality. risk of death, 20.0% lower, RR 0.80, p = 0.44, treatment 23 of 303 (7.6%), control 45 of 303 (14.9%), adjusted. risk of no improvement at day 28, 35.0% lower, RR 0.65, p < 0.001, treatment 52 of 303 (17.2%), control 80 of 303 (26.4%), adjusted. Garibaldi et al., 11/20/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, preprint, 10 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Nov 3 2020	Late	Flisiak et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.20215301 (Preprint)	death, ↓48.9%, p=0.18	Remdesivir-based therapy improved recovery of patients with COVID-19 in the SARSTer multicentre, real-world study
	Details Retrospective study comparing 122 remdesivir patients and 211 lopinavir/ritonavir patients, showing higher rates of clinical improvement with remdesivir and lower mortality (not statistically significant).
Nov 3 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Flisiak et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.20215301 (Preprint)
	Remdesivir-based therapy improved recovery of patients with COVID-19 in the SARSTer multicentre, real-world study
	Retrospective study comparing 122 remdesivir patients and 211 lopinavir/ritonavir patients, showing higher rates of clinical improvement with remdesivir and lower mortality (not statistically significant). all patients, 48.9% lower, RR 0.51, p = 0.18, treatment 5 of 122 (4.1%), control 17 of 211 (8.1%), OR converted to RR. SpO₂<95%, 58.0% lower, RR 0.42, p = 0.13, treatment 4 of 82 (4.9%), control 14 of 119 (11.8%), OR converted to RR. no clinical improvement, 56.5% lower, RR 0.44, p = 0.01, treatment 9 of 122 (7.4%), control 36 of 211 (17.1%), OR converted to RR. Flisiak et al., 11/3/2020, retrospective, Poland, Europe, preprint, 23 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Oct 20 2020	Late	Solh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.20214130 (Preprint)	death, ↓47.0%, p<0.001	Clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: data from a national repository
	Details Retrospective database analysis of 7,816 Veterans Affairs hospitalized patients showing 47% reduction in progression from ARDS to mortality.
Oct 20 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Solh et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.10.16.20214130 (Preprint)
	Clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: data from a national repository
	Retrospective database analysis of 7,816 Veterans Affairs hospitalized patients showing 47% reduction in progression from ARDS to mortality. risk of death, 47.0% lower, RR 0.53, p < 0.001, treatment 63 of 219 (28.8%), control 202 of 424 (47.6%), adjusted. Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis: very late stage, >50% on oxygen/ventilation at baseline, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely. Solh et al., 10/20/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, preprint, 5 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Oct 15 2020	Late	SOLIDARITY Trial Consortium, NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2023184 (preprint 10/15) (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓5.0%, p=0.53	Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19; interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results
	Details WHO SOLIDARITY open-label RCT with 2,750 very late stage (76% on oxygen/ventilation) Remdesivir patients, mortality relative risk RR 0.95 [0.81-1.11], p=0.50. Non-ventilated patients show a greater benefit, RR 0.86 [0.72-1.04], p = 0.13.
Oct 15 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	SOLIDARITY Trial Consortium, NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2023184 (preprint 10/15) (Peer Reviewed)
	Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19; interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results
	WHO SOLIDARITY open-label RCT with 2,750 very late stage (76% on oxygen/ventilation) Remdesivir patients, mortality relative risk RR 0.95 [0.81-1.11], p=0.50. Non-ventilated patients show a greater benefit, RR 0.86 [0.72-1.04], p = 0.13. risk of death, 5.0% lower, RR 0.95, p = 0.53, treatment 301 of 2,743 (11.0%), control 303 of 2,708 (11.2%). non-ventilated patients, 14.0% lower, RR 0.86, p = 0.13. SOLIDARITY et al., 10/15/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 15 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Oct 8 2020	Late	Beigel et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓27.0%, p=0.07	Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
	Details RCT 1,062 hospitalized patients showing faster recovery time with treatment, median 10 days vs. 15 days for placebo, rate ratio for recovery 1.29, p<0.001. Day 29 mortality was 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo, hazard ratio H..
Oct 8 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Beigel et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007764 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
	RCT 1,062 hospitalized patients showing faster recovery time with treatment, median 10 days vs. 15 days for placebo, rate ratio for recovery 1.29, p<0.001. Day 29 mortality was 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo, hazard ratio HR 0.73 [0.52-1.03]. risk of death, 27.0% lower, RR 0.73, p = 0.07, treatment 541, control 521. Beigel et al., 10/8/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 12 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 28 2020	Late	Fried et al., Clinical Infectious Disease, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1268 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓61.2%, p=0.02	Patient Characteristics and Outcomes of 11,721 Patients with COVID19 Hospitalized Across the United States
	Details Database analysis of 11,721 hospitalized patients, 48 treated with remdesivir. Data inconsistencies have been found in this study, for example 99.4% of patients treated with HCQ were treated in urban hospitals, compared to 65% of untreat..
Aug 28 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Fried et al., Clinical Infectious Disease, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1268 (Peer Reviewed)
	Patient Characteristics and Outcomes of 11,721 Patients with COVID19 Hospitalized Across the United States
	Database analysis of 11,721 hospitalized patients, 48 treated with remdesivir. Data inconsistencies have been found in this study, for example 99.4% of patients treated with HCQ were treated in urban hospitals, compared to 65% of untreated patients (Supplemental Table 3), while patients are distributed in a more balanced manner between teaching or not-teaching hospitals, as well as in the most urbanized (Northeast) and less urbanized (Midwest) regions of the United States [1]. [1] academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1618/5934822 risk of death, 61.2% lower, RR 0.39, p = 0.02, treatment 4 of 48 (8.3%), control 2,510 of 11,673 (21.5%), remdesivir vs. non-remdesivir. risk of mechanical ventilation, 36.8% higher, RR 1.37, p = 0.25, treatment 11 of 48 (22.9%), control 1,956 of 11,673 (16.8%), remdesivir vs. non-remdesivir. Excluded in after exclusion results of meta analysis: excessive unadjusted differences between groups, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely. Fried et al., 8/28/2020, retrospective, database analysis, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 11 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 23 2020	Late	Pasquini et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa321 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓16.2%, p=0.03	Effectiveness of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation in an Italian ICU
	Details Retrospective 51 ICU patients under mechanical ventilation, 25 treated with remdesivir, showing lower mortality with treatment.
Aug 23 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Pasquini et al., Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa321 (Peer Reviewed)
	Effectiveness of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation in an Italian ICU
	Retrospective 51 ICU patients under mechanical ventilation, 25 treated with remdesivir, showing lower mortality with treatment. risk of death, 16.2% lower, RR 0.84, p = 0.03, treatment 14 of 25 (56.0%), control 24 of 26 (92.3%), adjusted, OR converted to RR, multivariate. Pasquini et al., 8/23/2020, retrospective, Italy, Europe, peer-reviewed, 9 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Aug 21 2020	Late	Spinner et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16349 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓34.9%, p=0.50	Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19A Randomized Clinical Trial
	Details Late stage (median 8 days from symptom onset) RCT 584 patients with moderate COVID-19 showing (non-statistically significant) lower mortality. 5-day remdesivir had significantly higher odds of a better clinical status distribution on the..
Aug 21 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Spinner et al., JAMA, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.16349 (Peer Reviewed)
	Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19A Randomized Clinical Trial
	Late stage (median 8 days from symptom onset) RCT 584 patients with moderate COVID-19 showing (non-statistically significant) lower mortality. 5-day remdesivir had significantly higher odds of a better clinical status distribution on the 7-point ordinal scale, odds ratio OR 1.65, p = 0.02. The difference for 10-day remdesivir was not statistically significant, p=0.18. 5 or 10 day remdesivir vs. control 28 day mortality, 34.9% lower, RR 0.65, p = 0.50, treatment 5 of 384 (1.3%), control 4 of 200 (2.0%). Spinner et al., 8/21/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, multiple countries, multiple regions, peer-reviewed, 30 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Jul 24 2020	Late	Olender et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1041 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↓58.8%, p=0.001	Remdesivir for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Versus a Cohort Receiving Standard of Care
	Details Comparative analysis between remdesivir trial GS-US-540–5773 and a retrospective SOC cohort with similar inclusion criteria, showing lower mortality and higher recovery at day 14 with remdesivir.
Jul 24 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Olender et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1041 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Versus a Cohort Receiving Standard of Care
	Comparative analysis between remdesivir trial GS-US-540–5773 and a retrospective SOC cohort with similar inclusion criteria, showing lower mortality and higher recovery at day 14 with remdesivir. risk of death, 58.8% lower, RR 0.41, p = 0.001, treatment 24 of 312 (7.7%), control 102 of 818 (12.5%), OR converted to RR, day 14, weighted multivariable logistic regression. Olender et al., 7/24/2020, retrospective, USA, North America, peer-reviewed, 33 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Jun 30 2020	Late	Dubert et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.093 (Peer Reviewed)		Case report study of the first five COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir in France
	Details Early report on 5 ICU patients treated with remdesivir highlighting issues with usage in critically ill patients.
Jun 30 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Dubert et al., International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.093 (Peer Reviewed)
	Case report study of the first five COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir in France
	Early report on 5 ICU patients treated with remdesivir highlighting issues with usage in critically ill patients. Dubert et al., 6/30/2020, peer-reviewed, 15 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Jun 29 2020	Late	Zhu et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.20136531 (Preprint) (meta analysis)	death, ↓36.0%, p=0.02	Efficacy and Safety of Remdesivir for COVID-19 Treatment: An Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials
	Details Meta analysis of Beigel and Wang RCTs showing remdesivir significantly decreased mortality (8.18% vs. 12.70%, RR 0.64 [0.44-0.92], p = 0.175).
Jun 29 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Zhu et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.20136531 (Preprint) (meta analysis)
	Efficacy and Safety of Remdesivir for COVID-19 Treatment: An Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials
	Meta analysis of Beigel and Wang RCTs showing remdesivir significantly decreased mortality (8.18% vs. 12.70%, RR 0.64 [0.44-0.92], p = 0.175). risk of death, 36.0% lower, RR 0.64, p = 0.02. Zhu et al., 6/29/2020, preprint, 11 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
May 27 2020	Late	Goldman et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2015301 (Peer Reviewed)		Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19
	Details RCT of remdesivir for 5 or 10 days with no placebo control group, showing no significant differences between 5 and 10 day treatment. NCT04292899
May 27 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Goldman et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2015301 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19
	RCT of remdesivir for 5 or 10 days with no placebo control group, showing no significant differences between 5 and 10 day treatment. NCT04292899 Goldman et al., 5/27/2020, peer-reviewed, 26 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Apr 29 2020	Late	Wang et al., Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9 (Peer Reviewed)	death, ↑8.6%, p=1.00	Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
	Details Small RCT with 237 hospitalized patients in China with severe COVID-19, not showing statistically significant benefits. 158 treatment patients and 79 control patients. While too small for significance, the subgroup treated within 10 days..
Apr 29 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Wang et al., Lancet, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9 (Peer Reviewed)
	Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
	Small RCT with 237 hospitalized patients in China with severe COVID-19, not showing statistically significant benefits. 158 treatment patients and 79 control patients. While too small for significance, the subgroup treated within 10 days showed reduced mortality RR 0.76, p = 0.58, and reduced median time to clinical improvement of 18 days vs. 23 days, hazard ratio 1.52 [0.95-2.43]. all patients, 8.6% higher, RR 1.09, p = 1.00, treatment 22 of 158 (13.9%), control 10 of 78 (12.8%). <10 days from symptoms, 24.3% lower, RR 0.76, p = 0.58, treatment 8 of 71 (11.3%), control 7 of 47 (14.9%). >10 days from symptoms, 47.6% higher, RR 1.48, p = 0.76, treatment 12 of 84 (14.3%), control 3 of 31 (9.7%). Wang et al., 4/29/2020, Randomized Controlled Trial, China, Asia, peer-reviewed, 46 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments
Apr 10 2020	Late	Grein et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007016 (Peer Reviewed)		Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19
	Details Report on compassionate use of remdesivir with 61 severe COVID-19 patients, showing clinical improvement in 36 of 53 patients.
Apr 10 2020	Details Source PDF Late treatment study Late treatment study
	Grein et al., NEJM, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007016 (Peer Reviewed)
	Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19
	Report on compassionate use of remdesivir with 61 severe COVID-19 patients, showing clinical improvement in 36 of 53 patients. Grein et al., 4/10/2020, peer-reviewed, 59 authors.
	Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments

Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. Vaccines and treatments are both extremely valuable and complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used. Elimination of COVID-19 is a race against viral evolution. No treatment, vaccine, or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. Denying the efficacy of any method increases the risk of COVID-19 becoming endemic; and increases mortality, morbidity, and collateral damage. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. Treatment protocols for physicians are available from the FLCCC.

Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be the date of an earlier preprint.

Submit

Antiandrogens	(meta)	Metformin	(meta)
Aspirin	(meta)	Molnupiravir	(meta)
Bamlanivimab	(meta)	Nigella Sativa	(meta)
Bromhexine	(meta)	Nitazoxanide	(meta)
Budesonide	(meta)	Paxlovid	(meta)
Casirivimab/i..	(meta)	Povidone-Iod..	(meta)
Colchicine	(meta)	Probiotics	(meta)
Conv. Plasma	(meta)	Proxalutamide	(meta)
Curcumin	(meta)	Quercetin	(meta)
Favipiravir	(meta)	Remdesivir	(meta)
Fluvoxamine	(meta)	Sotrovimab	(meta)
Hydroxychloro..	(meta)	Vitamin A	(meta)
Iota-carragee..	(meta)	Vitamin C	(meta)
Ivermectin	(meta)	Vitamin D	(meta)
Melatonin	(meta)	Zinc	(meta)

Other Treatments		Global Adoption